https://digitallibrary.bldedu.ac.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/1931 2026-06-03T20:26:49Z https://digitallibrary.bldedu.ac.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/4764 Multidetector Computed Tomographic Morphology Of Olfactory Fossa And It’s Correlation With Body Mass Index In North Karnataka Region Naikanur, Anandagouda. V. Background: Olfactory fossa is a depression in the anterior cranial cavity which harbours the olfactory nerve and bulb. The depth of olfactory fossa is directly proportional to Body Mass Index. Hence, higher Body Mass Index individuals have deeper olfactory fossa and are most vulnerable to Cerebrospinal fluid leaks during Skull base surgeries and Functional endoscopic sinus surgeries. Aim: The aim was to study the relationship between depth of the olfactory fossa and Body Mass Index by using Multidetector Computed Tomography in North Karnataka region. Methods: Paranasal multidetector computed tomographic scans of 820 patients were collected in North Karnataka region, Karnataka, India by using bone window. The depth of olfactory fossa, width, angle of olfactory fossa, thickness of lateral lamella of cribriform plate and length of cribriform plate were estimated on both the sides in both genders. Side symmetry and relation of morphology of olfactory fossa in both genders were calculated by using Student ‘t’ (unpaired) test. Correlation between the depth of olfactory fossa and BMI was calculated by using Pearson’s correlation. The data was considered statistically significant if p was less than 0.05. Results: Type II keros was most common when compared to other types of Keros of olfactory fossa. Statistically significant differences were observed in the depth of olfactory fossa, angulation of olfactory fossa and length of Cribriform plate when compared between male and female patients. Significant differences were not observed in the width of olfactory fossa and thickness of Lateral Lamella of Cribriform Plate when compared between males and female patients. There was a linear correlation between Body Mass Index and Olfactory Fossa depth; as Body Mass Index increases, depth of olfactory fossa shifts from type II to type III. Conclusion: This would help Radiologists, Neurosurgeons and Endoscopic surgeons toevaluate the complex ethmoidal skull base which are difficult to approach without distortion and without damaging other structure 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z https://digitallibrary.bldedu.ac.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/4475 Evaluation of Preventive Role on Microanatomical Changes in Brain and Anticonvulsant Properties of Calcium Channel Blockers in Experimental Animal Models Saniya, K Background and objectives Drug-to-drug interactions and drug toxicity are among the many downsides of currently available epilepsy drugs. Many pathophysiological pathways have a role in the onset of seizures. Excess calcium entry into neuronal cells can cause the cells to depolarize, which can lead to seizures. Based on this basic knowledge, calcium channel blockers were assumed to be able to prevent seizures. The goal of this study was to see how the anti-convulsant properties of diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine functioned in experimental animal models. To find out how diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine work to stop animals from having seizures, three animal models were chosen: PTZ, Pilocarpine, and MES. Materials and Methods Wistar albino rats [180 - 250 grams], were selected for the research study. The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee [IAEC] approved the study proposal. Throughout the study, all national and international standard guidelines[CPCSEA] were followed. In wistar albino rats, the anticonvulsant properties of diltiazem (20 mg/kg), nimodipine (20 mg/kg), and flunarizine (10 mg/kg) were evaluated using the PTZ, Pilocarpine, and Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) test models. The onset, duration, number, and severity of seizures were recorded. After recording seizure parameters as per CPCSEA guidelines, experimental animals were sacrificed, and the brain tissue was preserved for antioxidant, neurotransmitter and inflammatory marker assays (one hemisection) and also for histological and immunohistochemistry evaluations (another hemisection). A "P" value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant when one-way ANOVA and its non-parametric variant were used to look at the data. Results When compared to the respective negative control groups, the drugs diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine were able to increase the onset of seizures and decrease the duration, number and the scores of seizures. These findings were also comparable to those of the standard drug groups. When compared to the negative control groups, the drugs diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine were able to increase the anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, GSH, and CAT) and decrease the lipid peroxidation, having results that were comparable to the standard drugs. When compared to the corresponding standard drug groups, the test drug groups showed an increase in the neurotransmitter levels (Serotonin, DA, and GABA). However, as compared to the negative control group, the test drug groups showed lower levels of neurotransmitters (Glutamate and ACh). The experimental drugs diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine showed favourable histopathological findings that were comparable to the standard drugs. Similarly, the experimental drugs diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine delivered positive immunohistochemistry results that were comparable to the standard drugs. Conclusion In the PTZ, Pilocarpine, and MES models, diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine significantly improved seizure parameters. In the PTZ, Pilocarpine, and MES models, diltiazem, nimodipine, and flunarizine considerably improved oxidative stress, neurotransmitter, and antiinflammatory conditions, as well as the neuroprotective favourable scores for the histopathological and immunohistochemistry evaluations. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://digitallibrary.bldedu.ac.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/4473 Evaluation of Neuroprotective Role of Drugs That Modify Renin Angiotensin System on Histoanatomical Structures of Brain in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease Prakash, K.G Background and objectives Current parkinsonian treatments do not address the disease's aetiology or development. Routine drugs rarely affect issues of neuronal protection and endurance in dopaminergic neurons. With deeper understanding of brain renin-angiotensin system, many angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are evaluated for the management of parkinsonism. The main goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the anti-disease parkinson's properties of captopril, perindopril, losartan, and the standard anti parkinson's disease drugs (levodopa) in rotenone, MPTP, and paraquat induced models in wistar albino rats and swiss albino mice with the standard anti-disease parkinson's disease drugs (levodopa). The other objective was to evaluate and compare the neuroprotective role of captopril, perindopril and losartan on histoanatomical structures of brain in rotenone, MPTP and paraquat induced parkinson‘s disease animal models in wistar albino rats and swiss albino mice. Methodology: Healthy adult wistar albino rats of either sex weighing 180-250gm were selected and divided into six groups, each containing six animals in rotenone model. Similarly, healthy adult swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-30gm of six groups, each containing six animals were selected for MPTP and paraquat models separately. All the rodents were obtained from the animal house; Institutional Animal Ethical Committee approved before the start of the study. Effects of captopril (20 mg/kg), perindopril (5 mg/kg) and losartan (90 mg/kg) were evaluated in rotenone, MPTP and paraquat models. Neurobehavioral effects were noted through spontaneous locomotor activity, rotarod test, hole board test, forced swim test, tail suspension test and elevated plus maze test. After documenting the neurobehavioral parameters the rodents were anaesthetized and sacrificed, the brain tissue was extracted by dissection method. Oxidative stress markers, neurotransmitters and inflammatory marker were evaluated in one hemisection. Other hemisection was H & E stained for analysing histoanatomical changes, and Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry study was done to evaluate the anti-apoptotic effects of these drugs. Results Perindopril and losartan partially improved motor functions in rotenone, MPTP and paraquat models. All the drugs had shown anti-depressant action in all the three models. Perindopril and losartan had shown anti-anxiety action. Captopril, perindopril and losartan had exhibited neuroprotective role as evidenced by the decreased glutamate levels in all the three models. Captopril, perindopril and losartan had documented the neuroprotective role as evidenced by improved oxidative stress marker levels in all the three models. Captopril, perindopril and losartan had proved greater neuroprotective role as evidenced by the increased serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine levels in rotenone and MPTP models. Captopril, perindopril and losartan had not resulted in any significant histoanatomical changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, corpus striatum and hypothalamus sections as H&E sections, and shown near normal histoanatomy. Captopril and perindopril had shown significant anti-apoptotic property as evidenced through Bcl-2 immunohistoreactivity in rotenone and paraquat model respectivelyConclusion Overall, captopril, perindopril and losartan had significantly improved the non-motor behavioural aspects of PD. All the three drugs significantly decrease the oxidative stress levels inferring that, they are neuroprotective in all the three models. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://digitallibrary.bldedu.ac.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/3523 Comprehensive Immunophenotypic Expression Analysis Of Phospholipid Binding Proteins In Renal Organogenesis And In Kidney Carcinoma Roshni, Sadashiv Several studies on the mechanism of renal development indicate a close relationship between renal embryonic cells and renal cancer cells contributing to the diversity of morphologic patterns, molecular and immunohistochemical phenotypes of renal cancers. The normal human kidney develops from three sources; the metanephric blastema, ureteric bud and angiogenic mesenchyme. The development of the collecting and secretory components of human kidney require a controlled cellular proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell-cell contacts and cell matrix interactions. One of the causes in the etiology of renal neoplasms is the mutation of molecules or the reactivation of repressed genes which have important role in nephrogenesis. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) and Annexin A2 (AnxA2) are multifuctional calcium regulated phospholipid binding proteins found in a subset of renal neoplasms. With varying concentration of Ca2+, they are considered to regulate several biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. On account of these features, we analyzed the expression of these proteins in fetal kidney at different gestational periods, mature kidney and in kidney cancer tissues in order to possibly understand their biological role during nephrogenesis, functions in cells of mature kidney and understand renal tumors from the perspective of developmental biology.Objectives: a) To demonstrate the expression pattern of AnxA1 and AnxA2 in various renal structures of developing human fetal kidneys at different gestational ages. b) Expression analysis of AnxA1 and AnxA2 in renal carcinoma and normal renal tissue. c) To compare the expression pattern of AnxA1 and AnxA2 in various renal structures of developing human fetal kidneys, adult kidneys with those observed in renal carcinomatous tissues. Materials and Methods: AnxA1 and AnxA2 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry technique in ―Paraffin-embedded‖ renal tissue sections from autopsied fetuses of gestational age ranging from 14 to 39 weeks, in mature kidneys (35-85yrs of age) and renal cancer tissues. Haematoxylin and eosin staining of renal tissues was performed to study the a) histogenesis of fetal kidney in various stages of fetal development b) normal histological architecture of mature kidney c) types of renal cell carcinomas and confirm the original diagnosis, before performing immunohistochemistry. Tumors were graded according to Fuhrman et al.Results: The current study data demonstrated that AnxA1 is expressed in the mesangial cells and podocytes of maturing glomeruli in the developing renal cortex of fetal kidneys at 14 to 19 weeks of gestational age. The expression in the mesangial cells declined at later weeks of gestation and persisted in adulthood. AnxA1 expression increased with the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and other types of renal cell carcinoma indicating a potential role of the protein in tumorigenesis. The study showed moderate membranous expression of AnxA2 in the ureteric bud and collecting tubules of fetal kidneys in all gestational ages and in the collecting ducts of adult normal renal tissues. It is not often expressed in the proximal convoluted tubules of normal adult kidney; however younger fetal kidneys show moderate expression in the proximal convoluted tubules (thought to be the origin of renal cell carcinoma) and reappearance of strong membranous expression in the clear cell carcinoma suggesting a deregulation of the gene during tumorigenesis. Conclusion: Understanding the molecular expression pattern of AnxA1 and AnxA2 during development, later their specific function and deregulated expression in different renal carcinoma indicates the decisive role of these proteins in the cancer progression. These results and concepts provide a framework to further dissect biological properties of AnxA1 and AnxA2 and thereby develop diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies targeting the molecule in various renal pathologies. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z