Department of Pathology

Study of distribution of principal rh bood group antigens and their phenotype in blood donors

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Study of distribution of principal rh bood group antigens and their phenotype in blood donors Sidhartha Sankar Raj INTRODUCTION: Blood transfusions are vital in healthcare, relying on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. Rh antigens are complex, with D being the most important. Rh negative individuals receiving Rh positive blood may develop antibodies causing adverse reactions. Blood group information is crucial for inventory management, legal matters, and genetics research. ABO and RhD are pivotal for pre-transfusion testing to prevent severe reactions, especially in patients receiving multiple transfusions. OBJECTIVES: To study the distribution of Rh antigens D, C, c, E, e among the donors attending blood centre of a tertiary health centre and to determine the prevalent phenotype based on the frequency of Rh antigens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the blood center of our institute consisting of 382 donors. Samples were collected for traditional blood grouping and Rh typing. Conventional tube method was utilized for Rh D typing and to detect major Rh antigens by using specific monoclonal antisera. RESULTS: Among Rh antigens, e was the most common antigen, followed by D, C, c. DCCee was the most common phenotype, and the least common phenotype were DcCee, dCcee, dccEe, dcceE. In Rh positive donors, most common phenotype was found to be DCCee and in Rh negative donors most common phenotype was found to be dccee. CONCLUSION: In Blood transfusion, accurate population-based Rh antigen frequency data are crucial for clinical purposes. Before transfusion, antigenic phenotyping and antibody screening and identification are advised for multi-transfused patients and multipara women to avoid blood transfusion reactions.

Study on expression of brca1 and brca2 genes in carcinoma prostate and its correlation with histopathology

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Study on expression of brca1 and brca2 genes in carcinoma prostate and its correlation with histopathology Sayandeep kusalkanti Das Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in men worldwide, with increasing incidence noted particularly in regions like India. Tumor suppressor genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are essential for genomic stability, have been implicated in prostate cancer progression. Elevated PSA levels and higher Gleason scores further correlate with aggressive tumor phenotypes. In addition, computational methods, including molecular docking, offer insights into protein–protein interactions that may aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets. Objectives: 1. To assess mRNA expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in carcinoma prostate and its correlation with PSA levels and Gleason score. 2. To study in silico analysis of BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 in relation to prostate specific antigen (PSA) like human kallikreins (hK1, hK2, hK3 and hK4). Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted involving prostate tissue samples from patients diagnosed with carcinoma prostate and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples and reverse transcribed to cDNA. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was employed to quantify BRCA1 and BRCA2 expression, normalized to GAPDH using the ΔΔCT method. Statistical analyses, including Spearman’s rank correlation and ANOVA, were used to correlate gene expression with PSA levels and Gleason grades. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were performed using AutoDock 4.2 and visualized with Discovery Studio to evaluate the binding affinities between BRCA proteins and kallikrein peptides. Results: The qPCR analysis revealed a statistically significant under expression of both BRCA1 and BRCA2 in carcinoma prostate samples compared to BPH controls. A significant negative correlation was observed between PSA levels and BRCA2 expression, while BRCA1 showed a less pronounced relationship. Moreover, a progressive decline in mRNA expression of both genes was noted with increasing Gleason grades, suggesting an association with tumor aggressiveness. Molecular docking studies demonstrated favorable binding interactions between BRCA proteins and kallikreins, highlighting potential avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: The findings underscore the clinical relevance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as molecular markers in prostate cancer, where their underexpression is linked with higher PSA levels and more aggressive Gleason grades. The molecular docking results further suggest that interactions between BRCA proteins and PSA like kallikreins could be used to predict expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 along with development of targeted therapies, supporting the integration of genetic and computational approaches in prostate cancer management.

Assessment of expression of immunohistochemical marker cd44 in carcinoma breast

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Assessment of expression of immunohistochemical marker cd44 in carcinoma breast Ranu kumari INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer accounted for approximately 2 million cases and 6 million cancer-related deaths, ranking second in incidence and fourth in mortality among cancer types in most countries worldwide. According to the literature, it was observed that CD44 expression is associated with Basal-like epithelial markers in the tumor cells, advanced T stage and metaplastic variants. It was observed that there was a no correlation between CD44 expression and Oestrogen receptor negativity. Since CD44 is a recently identified marker, further research is necessary to comprehend its immunoexpression and its relationship to hormone receptor status and other prognostic factors that contribute to patient management in therapy. There was no significant association between overall survival, disease-free survival and CD44 expression. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the expression of CD44 in breast tissue. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the expression of the CD44 marker on tumor cells of carcinoma breast. 2. To correlate the expression of the CD44 marker with major prognostic factors like size of tumor, Lymph node metastasis and expression of ER, PR and Her-2-Neu receptors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 mastectomy specimens received in the histopathology section of the Department of Pathology. The patient's age, tumor size, histological type, histological grade, and lymph node status were recorded. IHC staining for ER, PR, HER2/neu and CD44 markers was performed and expression of CD44 was correlated with these clinico-pathological and prognostic parameters. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. Docusign Envelope ID: 1356843D-2C0F-4D64-AE05-F1C98A4C3DB0 9 RESULTS: CD44 expression was observed in 51 out of 60 cases (85%). A statistically significant correlation was found between the expression of CD44 with patient’s age, tumor size, histological grade and HER 2neu hormonal marker. No statistically significant correlation was found between other parameters like, lymph node status and ER and PR expression. CONCLUSION: Expression of CD44 correlated strongly with well-established poor prognostic markers that is Her2/neu status and histological grade thus expression of CD44 suggest aggressive tumor biology and it can be used as an independent prognostic and therapeutic marker.

Study of hematological and clotting parameters in pregnancy induced hypertension(pih)

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Study of hematological and clotting parameters in pregnancy induced hypertension(pih) Priyanka .p.v.n.l.n INTRODUCTION Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect approximately 10% of all pregnant women worldwide and 5-8% of pregnant women in India. These disorders are characterized by a reduction in systemic perfusion due to vasospasm and the activation of the coagulation system, with thrombocytopenia being the most common presentation observed. The hypercoagulable state in pregnancy associated with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH), platelet indices, and coagulation profiles can serve as reliable early indicators of the onset of preeclampsia and eclampsia. A peripheral smear examination is a simple and cost-effective method that can detect red cell abnormalities and quantify platelet abnormalities commonly observed in patients with PIH. These routine tests can be conducted in all hospital settings, helping to reduce maternal and fetal mortality associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and ensuring an effective healthcare system for the population. OBJECTIVES • To evaluate the utility of platelet-count and peripheral smear examination as prognostic indicators in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and their role in improving maternal and fetal outcomes. • To study the associated changes in peripheral smear, platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted at BLDE (Deemed to be University), Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, from April 2023 to March 2024. The study included 305 primigravid women diagnosed with PIH at gestational age ≥28 weeks. Hematological parameters, including platelet count and peripheral smear, were assessed alongside coagulation parameters such as PT, aPTT, and international normalized ratio (INR). Data were analyzed using Stata version 18.0, and statistical significance was determined using appropriate tests. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 24.2 years (SD 3.9). The majority presented with pre-eclampsia with severe features (29.51%), gestational hypertension (22.95%), and pre-eclampsia without severe features (22.95%). The median platelet count was 1,66,000/µL (IQR: 1,00,000 to 1,96,000), with thrombocytopenia observed in 31.15% of cases. PT was prolonged in 39.67% of patients, and aPTT was prolonged in 42.3%. Microscopic hypochromic anemia was the most common peripheral smear finding (44.92%). Platelet counts and coagulation parameters varied significantly across PIH subtypes (p<0.001) CONCLUSION Thrombocytopenia and prolonged coagulation parameters were significant indicators of disease severity in PIH. Peripheral smear examination proved to be a reliable tool in resource-limited settings. Regular monitoring of these hematological indices can aid in early diagnosis, guiding timely interventions to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.