Evaluation of Pulmonary Function Parameters in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Introduction A class of illnesses known as diabetes is defined by elevated blood glucose levels.. It results in protein and lipid metabolic abnormalities and is caused by a lack of insulin, either in its synthesis or activity, or both. Many factors can cause this. People with type-1 diabetes (T1D), a chronic condition, have little or no insulin produced by their pancreas. More than a million children and teenagers are anticipated to have T1D in 2019. Around the world, the prevalence of T1D is rising. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is among the most prevalent endocrine disorders in children. T1D patients die four to five times as often as the normal population, and chronic complications account for about 30% of all fatalities . Reduced lung volumes, changed alveolocapillary diffusion, and decreased elastic lung recoil are all reported in studies involving adult T1DM patients. However, There is a lack of information on the prevalence of T1DM in children. The lungs' antioxidant defenses are known to be secondarily reduced by hyperglycemia, making the body more vulnerable to oxidative stressors and ultimately leading to a decrease of respiratory function. Data on these parameters in children with type 1 diabetes are few. The purpose of this study is to evaluate lung function parameters in children with type 1 diabetes. Aims and Objectives Aim: To assess pulmonary function changes in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and explore their potential association with glycemic control and other influencing factors. Objectives: 1. To evaluate and compare pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters, including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1), Diffusion Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO), and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), in children with T1DM versus healthy controls. 2. To analyze the impact of glycemic control, as measured by HbA1c levels, on pulmonary function parameters in children with T1DM. 3. To determine whether chronic hyperglycemia contributes to restrictive or obstructive lung function changes in pediatric diabetic patients. 4. To investigate the role of disease duration in the progression of pulmonary function changes in children with T1DM. 5. To examine potential genetic and environmental influences, such as family history of diabetes and lifestyle factors, on lung function abnormalities in this population. 6. To assess the correlation between HBsAg status and pulmonary function changes, if any, in the study cohort. 7. To provide clinical recommendations regarding the necessity of routine pulmonary function monitoring in pediatric T1DM patients for early detection of respiratory complications. Results ; Type 1 Diabetes mellitus group and control group and found that 56.25%(18) were males and 43.7%(n-14) were females among cases and among control group 63.3%(n-19) were males and 36.6%(n-11) were females, 12.5%(n-4) had history of maternal history of DM. The mean and SD of FVC,FEV,FEV/FVC Is 2.03(0.474), 1.72(0.523) and 80.41 (16.71) respectively. It is found to be significant Conclusion This study aimed to evaluate pulmonary function parameters in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and analyze potential impairments associated with the disease. The findings reveal significant alterations in pulmonary function in children with T1DM compared to healthy controls, highlighting the need for regular respiratory monitoring in diabetic children. The results indicate that key spirometry parameters, including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and Diffusion Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO), were significantly reduced in children with T1DM. These findings suggest that diabetes-related metabolic changes may contribute to restrictive lung patterns and decreased lung compliance.